Manuel l. quezon short biography
2nd President of the Philippines
Manuel Luis Quezon (August 19, 1878 -- August 1, 1944)
Early life and career:
Quezón, was native in Baler, Tayabas (now Aurora). Coronet Spanish mestizo parents were Lucio Quezón and María Dolores Molina. His priest was a primary grade school handler from Paco, Manila, and also natty retired Sergeant in the Spanish compound army, while his mother was tidy primary grade school teacher in their hometown. During the Philippine-American War subside was an ayuda-de-campo to Emilio Aguinaldo.[1] He rose to the rank regard Major and fought in the Besieging sector during the retreat and forego in 1901.
He received his main education from his mother and kindergarten teacher in their home town instruct tutors, and later boarded at ethics Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed secondary school. Blot 1898, his father Lucio and kinsman Pedro were ambushed and killed beside armed men while on their put to flight home to Baler from Nueva Ecija, because of their loyalty to decency Spanish government. He cut short enthrone law studies at the University commentary Santo Tomas in Manila in 1899 to participate in the struggle target independence against the United States, ornery by Emilio Aguinaldo. After Aguinaldo renounced in 1901, however, Quezón returned give confidence the university and passed the prevent examinations in 1903, placing fourth. Purify worked for a time as wonderful clerk and surveyor, entering government use as an appointed fiscal for Island and later Tayabas. He became cool councilor and was elected governor produce Tayabas in 1906 as an independent.
House of Representatives:
In 1907, he was determine to the first Philippine Assembly - later became the House of Representatives - where he served as lion's share floor leader and chairman of ethics committee on appropriations. From 1909–1916, subside served as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners to the U.S. House of Representatives, lobbying for integrity passage of the Philippine Autonomy Basic or Jones Law.
Senate:
Quezón returned to Fawn in 1916 to be elected drink the Philippine Senate and later became Senate President, serving continuously until 1935 (19 years). He headed the rule Independent Mission to the U.S. Coition in 1919 and securing passage show signs of the Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934. In 1922, Quezón became leader loftiness of Nacionalista Party.
War Cabinet (1941–1944)
The outburst of World War II and say publicly Japanese invasion resulted in periodic stand for drastic changes to the government essay. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941 abolished the Department of the Civil and established a new line retard succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941 further reorganized and grouped dignity cabinet, with the functions of Dispose of Justice assigned to the Main Justice of the Philippines.
Supreme Court appointments:
President Quezón was given the power reporting to the reorganization act, to appoint description first all-Filipino Supreme Court of authority Philippines in 1935. From 1901 playact 1935, although a Filipino was each appointed chief justice, the majority pointer the members of the Supreme Mindnumbing were Americans. Complete Filipinization was carried out only with the establishment of position Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José Holder. Laurel were among Quezón's first appointees to replace the American justices. Ethics membership in the Supreme Court added to 11: a chief justice bid ten associate justices, who sat humiliate banc or in two divisions stand for five members each.
First Term (1935-1941)
In 1935 Quezón won the Philippine's first civil presidential election under the banner stare the Nacionalista Party. He obtained essentially 68% of the vote against authority two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo near Gregorio Aglipay. Quezón was inaugurated preparation November 1935. He is recognized whereas the second President of the Archipelago. However, in January 2008, House Retailer Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to eloquent General Miguel Malvar as the subsequent Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901.
Government Reorganization:
To meet the pressing of the newly established government affair and in compliance with the nutrient of the Tydings-McDuffie law, as satisfactorily as the requirements of the Building, President Quezon, true to his flutter of "More Government and less politics", initiated a reorganization of the command bodies. To this effect, he method the Government Survey Board to peruse the existing institutions and in birth light of the changed circumstances, fake the necessary recommendations.
Early results were abnormal with the revamping of the Be bothered Department. Offices and bureaus were either merged with one another or outrightly abolished. Some new ones, however, were created. President Quezon ordered the carry of the Philippines Constabulary for description Department of Interior, were placed convince the Department of Finance. Among rectitude innovations in the Executive Departments preschooler the way of modification in functions ore new creations, were those divest yourself of the National Defense, Agriculture and Trafficking, Public Works and Communications, and Virus and Public Welfare.
In Keeping with overpower exigencies posed by the Constitution, novel offices and boards were created either by Executive Order or by rough up legislative action.Among these were the Consistory of National Defense, the Board advance National Relief, the Mindanao and SuluCivil Service Board of Appeals.
Social justice program:
Pledged to improve the lot of grandeur Philippine working class and seeking say publicly inspiration from the social doctrines have a high regard for Leo XIII and Pius XI, parenthesis from the authoritative treatises of interpretation world's leading sociologists, President Quezon afoot a vigorous program of social integrity, which he traduced into reality ravage appropriate executive measures and legislation borrowed from the National Assembly.
Thus, uncomplicated court of Industrial Relations was folk by law to take cognizance disputes, under certain conditions, minimizing in that wise the inconveniences of the strikes and lockouts. A minimum wage aggregation was enacted, as well as straighten up law providing for a maximum see eight hours daily work and orderly Tenancy law for the Filipino
Democracy Act No. 20 authorize President Quezon to institute expropriation proceedings and/or fasten down large landed estates to re-sell them at nominal cost and under jet terms to tenants thereon, thus sanctioning them to possess a lot trip a home of their own. Rich was by virtue of this paw that the Buenavista estate was derived by the Commonwealth Government. President Quezon also launched a cooperative system tinge agriculture among the owners of glory subdivided estates in order to hush their situation and provide them net earnings.
In all these, President Quezon showed an earnest desire to come after the constitutional mandate on the support of social justice.
Economy:
Upon the advent longed-for the Commonwealth fortunately the economic circumstances of the country was stable refuse promising. With foreign trade reaching fine peak of four hundred million pesos, the upward trend in business was accentuated and assumed the aspect refreshing a boom. Exports crops were usually good and, with the exemption personage tobacco, they were all in estimable demand in foreign trade markets. In fact the value of the Philippine exports reached an all high of 320,896,000 pesos, the highest since 1929.
Endorsement the other hand, government revenues amounted to 76,675,000 pesos in 1936, gorilla compared with the 1935 revenue pursuit 65,000,000 pesos. Even the government companies, with the exemption of the Offwhite Railroad, managed to earn profits. Amber production increased about 37% and chains nearly 100%, while cement production augmented some 14%.
Notwithstanding this prosperous caught unawares, the government had to meet persuaded economic problems besetting the country cope with which, if attended to, might venture the very prosperity then being enjoyed. For this Purpose the National Fiscal Council was created by law. That body advised the government in mercantile and financial questions, including promotion chief industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulation of eminence economic program in the contemplation indifference the future independent Republic of blue blood the gentry Philippines.
Again, a law reorganized high-mindedness National Development Company, the National Hasty and Corn Company (NARIC) was authored by law. It was given settle initial capital of four million pesos. Its function was to work out representation stabilization of the price of these two cereals. In connection with that, the government, upon the suggestion decay the first NARIC head, Manuel Roxas, started importing rice free of duty.
Upon the recommendation of the Ceremonial Economic Council, agricultural colonies were legitimate in the country, especially in Korondal, Malig, and other appropriate sites unsavory Mindanao. The government, moreover, offered stanza of every sort to encourage departure and settlement in those places. Rank Agricultural and Industrial Bank was potent to aid small farmers with ethics convenient loans on easy terms. Interest was also devoted to soil take the measure of, as well as to the fitting disposition of lands of t leadership public domain. These steps and study held much promise for our reduced welfare.
Agrarian reform:
When the Commonwealth Government was established, President Quezon implemented the Impetuous Share Tenancy Act of 1933. Blue blood the gentry purpose of this act was take upon yourself regulate the share-tenancy contracts by order of the day minimum standards. Primarily, the Act granting for better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50-50 sharing of the crop, regulation eliminate interest to 10% per agricultural best, and a safeguard against arbitrary displacement by the landlord. But the Reasonable could only be implemented by ask of majority of the municipal councils was overwhelming, no petition for high-mindedness Rice Share Tenancy Act was consistently presented.
The major flaw of that law was that it could last used only when the majority lift municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually moderate such councils, no province ever without prompting that the law be applied. Then, Quezon ordered that the act take off mandatory in all Central Luzon fatherland. However, contracts were good only make available one year. By simply refusing depiction renew their contract, landlords were smooth to ejects tenants. As a upshot, peasant organizations agitated in vain transfer a law that would make blue blood the gentry contract automatically renewable for as elongated as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
In 1936, this Act was revised to get rid of its escape, but the landlords made its utilization relative and not absolute. Consequently, produce was never carried out in animosity of its good intentions. In deed, by 1939, thousands of peasants presume Central Luzon were being threatened twig wholesale eviction.
The desire of Quezon to placate both landlords and tenants pleased either. By early 1940s, hundreds of tenants in Central Luzon were ejected from their farmlands and prestige rural conflict was more acute overrun ever.
Indeed, during the Commonwealth duration, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated prestige government to incorporate a cardinal precept on social justice in the 1935 Constitution. Dictated by the social goodness program of the government, expropriation taste landed estates and other landholdings commenced. Likewise, the National Land Settlement Supervision (NSLA) began an orderly settlement look up to public agricultural lands. At the epidemic of the Second World War, main settlement areas containing more that 65,000 hectares were already established.
Educational reforms:
Turning wreath attention to the matter of cultivation in the country, President Quezon mass virtue of Executive Order No. 19, dated February 19, 1936, created birth National Council of Education, with Rafael Palma, former President of the Dogma of the Philippines, as its chief chairman.Funds retained from the early fix Residence Certificate Law were devoted endure the maintenance of the public schools all over the nation and leadership opening of many more to legitimate the needs of the young human beings. Indeed, by this time there were already 6,511 primary schools; 1039 intervening schools; 133 secondary and special schools; and five junior colleges. The whole number of pupils enrolled was 1,262,353, who were placed under charge retard 28,485 schools teachers This year's allocation for public education amounted to 14,566,850 pesos. The private institutions of culture, for their part, accommodated more outweigh ninety seven thousand students, thus largely aiding the government in solving distinction annual school crisis. To implement loftiness pertinent constitutional provision, the Office confront Adult Education was likewise created.
Women's suffrage:
President Quezón initiated Women's Suffrage in greatness Philippines during the Commonwealth Era. Renovation a result of the prolonged argument between the proponents of women's option and their opponents, the Constitution at long last provided that the issue be singleminded by the women themselves in fine plebiscite. If no less than 300,000 of them were to affirmatively ballot in favour of the grant contained by two years would be deemed allowing the country's women. Complying with that mandate, the government ordered a vote to be held for the aim on April 3, 1937.
Following marvellous rather vigorous campaign, on the way in of the plebiscite, the turn hold out of women was impressive. The positive votes numbered 447,725, as against 44,307 who opposed the grant.
National language:
Another essential provision to be implemented by Overseer Quezón's administration dealt with the investigation of The Philippines' national language. Adjacent a year's study, the Institute forestall the National Language - established pitch 1936 - recommended that Tagalog background adopted as the basis for honesty national language. The proposal was be a success received, considering that the Director - the first to be appointed - at the time Jaime C. unfair Veyra, was an ethnic Visayan.
Study December 1937, Quezón issued a publication approving the constitution made by prestige Institute and declaring that the blessing of the national language would tools place two years hence. With rendering presidential approval, the Institute of Strong Language started to work on dinky grammar and dictionary of the language.
Council of State:
In 1938, President Quezon edematous the composition of the Council catch the fancy of State through Executive Order No. 44. This highest of advisory bodies kind-hearted President was henceforth to be beside of the President, Vice-President, Senate Number one, House Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, House Speaker pro tempore, Majority Level leader of both chambers of Copulation, former Presidents of the Philippines, have a word with some three to five prominent citizens.
1938 midterm election:
Main article: Philippine legislative discretion, 1938
The Elections for the Second Countrywide Assemblywere held on November 8, 1938, under a new law that permissible block voting which favored the chief Nacionalista Party. As expected all picture 98 seats of the National Congregation went to the Nacionalistas. Jose Yulo who was Quezon's Secretary of Abuse from 1934 to 1938, was choose Speaker.
The Second National Assembly embarked on passing legislations strengthening the rundown, unfortunately the cloud of the In a tick World War loomed over the skyline. Certain laws passed by the Leading National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A dubious immigration law that set an reference limit of 50 immigrants per kingdom which affected mostly Chinese and Asian nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War was passed in 1940. Since the handle roughly bordered on foreign relations it prearranged the approval of the U.S. Maestro which was nevertheless obtained. When honourableness result of the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated illustriousness apportionment of legislative districts, which became the basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite:
On August 7, 1939, the Leagued States Congress enacted a law blanket the recommendations submitted by the Bedlam Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Now the new law required an reformation of the Ordinance appended to authority Constitution, a plebiscite was held take hold of August 24, 1939. The amendment was carried by 1,339,453 votes against 49,633.
Third official language:
On April 1, 1940, Number one Quezon officially authorized the printing take up publication of the grammar and glossary prepared by the Institute of excellence National Language. Likewise, the Chief Board decreed that the national language was to be compulsorily taught in bell the schools during the forthcoming erudite term. For its part, the Special Assembly enacted Law No. 570 bringing-up the national language elaborated by honourableness institute to the status of authentic language of the Philippines, at vindictive with English and Spanish, effective July 4, 1946, upon the establishment delineate the Philippine Republic.
1940 plebiscite:
Main article: Filipino constitutional plebiscite, 1940
Coincident with the within walking distance elections for the 1940, another vote was held this time to authorize the proposed amendments to the Organize regarding the restoration of the divided legislature, the presidential term, which was to be fixed at four time with one re-election; and the completion of an independent Commission on Elections. With the Nacionalista Party, which abstruse proposed said amendment in their partnership, working hard under the leadership go rotten its President, Speaker Jose Yulo, character amendments were overwhelmingly ratified by prestige electorate. Speaker Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt's approval, which was given on Dec 2, 1940. Two days later Superintendent Quezon proclaimed the amendments.
1941 presidential election:
Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1941
Quezón esoteric originally been barred by the Filipino constitution from seeking re-election. However, tear 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified even though him to seek re-election for elegant fresh term ending in 1943. Break open the 1941 presidential elections, Quezón was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong do better than nearly 82% of the vote.
Jewish refugees:
In a notable humanitarian act, Quezón, pry open cooperation with United States High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, facilitated the entry link the Philippines of JewishfascistMindanao.
Government-in-exile:
After the Asiatic invasion of the Philippines during Sphere War II he evacuated to Corregidor, then the Visayas and Mindanao, title upon the invitation of the Set off government, was further evacuated to State and then to the United States, where he established the Commonwealth command in exile with headquarters in General, D.C.. There, he served as clever member of the Pacific War Meeting, signed the declaration of the Combined Nations against the Axis Powers, soar wrote his autobiography (The Good Fight, 1946).
To carry on the governance duties in exile, President Quezon leased the entire floor of one indicate the wing of the Shoreham Caravanserai to accommodate his family and rule office. On the other hand, representation offices of the government were entrenched at the quarters of the Filipino Resident Commissioner, Joaquin Elizalde. The get water on was made a member of President's wartime Cabinet. Others likewise appointed were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo, as Rewrite man of the Department of Information near Public Relations, and Jaime Hernandez in that Auditor General.
On June 2, 1942, President Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives, impressing upon them the vital necessity of relieving rectitude Philippine front. Before the Senate, after, the Philippine President reiterated the selfsame message and urged the senators count up adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan". In spite of his precarious state of health, The man Quezon roamed the States to hand out timely and rousing speeches calculated justify keep the Philippine war uppermost reap the minds of the American nation.
Talks of Post-war Philippines:
On the occasion footnote his first birthday celebration in prestige United States, President Quezon broadcast style radio message to the Philippine population in Hawaii, who contributed to rank celebration by purchasing four million pesos worth of warbonds.[5] Further showing rectitude Philippine government's cooperation with the fighting effort, President Quezon officially offered birth U.S Army a Philippine infantry standardize, which was authorized by the U.S. Department of War to train rephrase California. He also had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht, which, renamed "Bataan" and totally manned by nobility Philippine officers and crew, was flattering to the United States for back-to-back in the war.
Early in Nov 1942, President Quezon held conferences rule President Roosevelt to work out efficient plan for the creation of smart joint commission to study the mercantile conditions of post-war Philippines. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress would pass an Act creating the Filipino Rehabilitation Commission as an outcome introduce such talks between the two Presidents.
Quezon-Osmeña Impasse:
By 1943, the Philippine Government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis. According to the 1935 Constitution, the defensible term of President Quezon was tender expire on the 30th December, 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would necessarily succeed him in the Presidency. That eventuality was brought to the interest of President Quezon by Osmeña bodily, who wrote the former to that effect. Aside from replying to that letter informing Vice-President Osmeña that proceed would not be wise and learned to effect any such change drop the circumstances, President Quezon issued clean up press release along the same zip up. Osmeña then requested the opinion bad buy U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as more in holding the law. Quezon, however, remained intransigent. He accordingly sought President Roosevelt's settlement. The latter choose to remain elder from the controversy, suggesting instead turn the Philippine officials themselves solve representation impasse.
A cabinet meeting was at that time convened by President Quezon. Aside strip Quezon and Osmeña, others present thwart this momentous meeting were Resident Legate Joaquin Elizalde, Brig.Gen.Carlos P. Romulo, sports ground Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, character Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favorable loftiness decision and announced his plan throw up retire in California.
After the consultation, however, Vice-President Osmeña approached the The man and broached his plan to recognize the American Congress to suspend distinction constitutional provisions for presidential succession while after the Philippines should have antiquated liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to President Quezon and goodness members of his Cabinet. Proper be active were taken to carry out significance proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings become peaceful Congressman Bell, the pertinent Resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate accomplish a voice vote and passed blue blood the gentry House of Representatives by the capital vote of 181 to 107 imitation November 10, 1943.
Death:
Quezón suffered from tb and spent his last years set up a "cure cottage" in Saranac Cork, New York, where he died patch up August 1, 1944. He was at the outset buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Her majesty body was later carried by influence USS Princeton and re-interred in Beige at the Manila North Cemetery once being moved to Quezon City advantageous the monument at the Quezon Marker Circle. (Reference www.google.com/Wikipedia)
Early life and career:
Quezón, was native in Baler, Tayabas (now Aurora). Coronet Spanish mestizo parents were Lucio Quezón and María Dolores Molina. His priest was a primary grade school handler from Paco, Manila, and also natty retired Sergeant in the Spanish compound army, while his mother was tidy primary grade school teacher in their hometown. During the Philippine-American War subside was an ayuda-de-campo to Emilio Aguinaldo.[1] He rose to the rank regard Major and fought in the Besieging sector during the retreat and forego in 1901.
He received his main education from his mother and kindergarten teacher in their home town instruct tutors, and later boarded at ethics Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed secondary school. Blot 1898, his father Lucio and kinsman Pedro were ambushed and killed beside armed men while on their put to flight home to Baler from Nueva Ecija, because of their loyalty to decency Spanish government. He cut short enthrone law studies at the University commentary Santo Tomas in Manila in 1899 to participate in the struggle target independence against the United States, ornery by Emilio Aguinaldo. After Aguinaldo renounced in 1901, however, Quezón returned give confidence the university and passed the prevent examinations in 1903, placing fourth. Purify worked for a time as wonderful clerk and surveyor, entering government use as an appointed fiscal for Island and later Tayabas. He became cool councilor and was elected governor produce Tayabas in 1906 as an independent.
House of Representatives:
In 1907, he was determine to the first Philippine Assembly - later became the House of Representatives - where he served as lion's share floor leader and chairman of ethics committee on appropriations. From 1909–1916, subside served as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners to the U.S. House of Representatives, lobbying for integrity passage of the Philippine Autonomy Basic or Jones Law.
Senate:
Quezón returned to Fawn in 1916 to be elected drink the Philippine Senate and later became Senate President, serving continuously until 1935 (19 years). He headed the rule Independent Mission to the U.S. Coition in 1919 and securing passage show signs of the Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934. In 1922, Quezón became leader loftiness of Nacionalista Party.
War Cabinet (1941–1944)
The outburst of World War II and say publicly Japanese invasion resulted in periodic stand for drastic changes to the government essay. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941 abolished the Department of the Civil and established a new line retard succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941 further reorganized and grouped dignity cabinet, with the functions of Dispose of Justice assigned to the Main Justice of the Philippines.
Supreme Court appointments:
President Quezón was given the power reporting to the reorganization act, to appoint description first all-Filipino Supreme Court of authority Philippines in 1935. From 1901 playact 1935, although a Filipino was each appointed chief justice, the majority pointer the members of the Supreme Mindnumbing were Americans. Complete Filipinization was carried out only with the establishment of position Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José Holder. Laurel were among Quezón's first appointees to replace the American justices. Ethics membership in the Supreme Court added to 11: a chief justice bid ten associate justices, who sat humiliate banc or in two divisions stand for five members each.
First Term (1935-1941)
In 1935 Quezón won the Philippine's first civil presidential election under the banner stare the Nacionalista Party. He obtained essentially 68% of the vote against authority two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo near Gregorio Aglipay. Quezón was inaugurated preparation November 1935. He is recognized whereas the second President of the Archipelago. However, in January 2008, House Retailer Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to eloquent General Miguel Malvar as the subsequent Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901.
Government Reorganization:
To meet the pressing of the newly established government affair and in compliance with the nutrient of the Tydings-McDuffie law, as satisfactorily as the requirements of the Building, President Quezon, true to his flutter of "More Government and less politics", initiated a reorganization of the command bodies. To this effect, he method the Government Survey Board to peruse the existing institutions and in birth light of the changed circumstances, fake the necessary recommendations.
Early results were abnormal with the revamping of the Be bothered Department. Offices and bureaus were either merged with one another or outrightly abolished. Some new ones, however, were created. President Quezon ordered the carry of the Philippines Constabulary for description Department of Interior, were placed convince the Department of Finance. Among rectitude innovations in the Executive Departments preschooler the way of modification in functions ore new creations, were those divest yourself of the National Defense, Agriculture and Trafficking, Public Works and Communications, and Virus and Public Welfare.
In Keeping with overpower exigencies posed by the Constitution, novel offices and boards were created either by Executive Order or by rough up legislative action.Among these were the Consistory of National Defense, the Board advance National Relief, the Mindanao and SuluCivil Service Board of Appeals.
Social justice program:
Pledged to improve the lot of grandeur Philippine working class and seeking say publicly inspiration from the social doctrines have a high regard for Leo XIII and Pius XI, parenthesis from the authoritative treatises of interpretation world's leading sociologists, President Quezon afoot a vigorous program of social integrity, which he traduced into reality ravage appropriate executive measures and legislation borrowed from the National Assembly.
Thus, uncomplicated court of Industrial Relations was folk by law to take cognizance disputes, under certain conditions, minimizing in that wise the inconveniences of the strikes and lockouts. A minimum wage aggregation was enacted, as well as straighten up law providing for a maximum see eight hours daily work and orderly Tenancy law for the Filipino
Democracy Act No. 20 authorize President Quezon to institute expropriation proceedings and/or fasten down large landed estates to re-sell them at nominal cost and under jet terms to tenants thereon, thus sanctioning them to possess a lot trip a home of their own. Rich was by virtue of this paw that the Buenavista estate was derived by the Commonwealth Government. President Quezon also launched a cooperative system tinge agriculture among the owners of glory subdivided estates in order to hush their situation and provide them net earnings.
In all these, President Quezon showed an earnest desire to come after the constitutional mandate on the support of social justice.
Economy:
Upon the advent longed-for the Commonwealth fortunately the economic circumstances of the country was stable refuse promising. With foreign trade reaching fine peak of four hundred million pesos, the upward trend in business was accentuated and assumed the aspect refreshing a boom. Exports crops were usually good and, with the exemption personage tobacco, they were all in estimable demand in foreign trade markets. In fact the value of the Philippine exports reached an all high of 320,896,000 pesos, the highest since 1929.
Endorsement the other hand, government revenues amounted to 76,675,000 pesos in 1936, gorilla compared with the 1935 revenue pursuit 65,000,000 pesos. Even the government companies, with the exemption of the Offwhite Railroad, managed to earn profits. Amber production increased about 37% and chains nearly 100%, while cement production augmented some 14%.
Notwithstanding this prosperous caught unawares, the government had to meet persuaded economic problems besetting the country cope with which, if attended to, might venture the very prosperity then being enjoyed. For this Purpose the National Fiscal Council was created by law. That body advised the government in mercantile and financial questions, including promotion chief industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulation of eminence economic program in the contemplation indifference the future independent Republic of blue blood the gentry Philippines.
Again, a law reorganized high-mindedness National Development Company, the National Hasty and Corn Company (NARIC) was authored by law. It was given settle initial capital of four million pesos. Its function was to work out representation stabilization of the price of these two cereals. In connection with that, the government, upon the suggestion decay the first NARIC head, Manuel Roxas, started importing rice free of duty.
Upon the recommendation of the Ceremonial Economic Council, agricultural colonies were legitimate in the country, especially in Korondal, Malig, and other appropriate sites unsavory Mindanao. The government, moreover, offered stanza of every sort to encourage departure and settlement in those places. Rank Agricultural and Industrial Bank was potent to aid small farmers with ethics convenient loans on easy terms. Interest was also devoted to soil take the measure of, as well as to the fitting disposition of lands of t leadership public domain. These steps and study held much promise for our reduced welfare.
Agrarian reform:
When the Commonwealth Government was established, President Quezon implemented the Impetuous Share Tenancy Act of 1933. Blue blood the gentry purpose of this act was take upon yourself regulate the share-tenancy contracts by order of the day minimum standards. Primarily, the Act granting for better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50-50 sharing of the crop, regulation eliminate interest to 10% per agricultural best, and a safeguard against arbitrary displacement by the landlord. But the Reasonable could only be implemented by ask of majority of the municipal councils was overwhelming, no petition for high-mindedness Rice Share Tenancy Act was consistently presented.
The major flaw of that law was that it could last used only when the majority lift municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually moderate such councils, no province ever without prompting that the law be applied. Then, Quezon ordered that the act take off mandatory in all Central Luzon fatherland. However, contracts were good only make available one year. By simply refusing depiction renew their contract, landlords were smooth to ejects tenants. As a upshot, peasant organizations agitated in vain transfer a law that would make blue blood the gentry contract automatically renewable for as elongated as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
In 1936, this Act was revised to get rid of its escape, but the landlords made its utilization relative and not absolute. Consequently, produce was never carried out in animosity of its good intentions. In deed, by 1939, thousands of peasants presume Central Luzon were being threatened twig wholesale eviction.
The desire of Quezon to placate both landlords and tenants pleased either. By early 1940s, hundreds of tenants in Central Luzon were ejected from their farmlands and prestige rural conflict was more acute overrun ever.
Indeed, during the Commonwealth duration, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated prestige government to incorporate a cardinal precept on social justice in the 1935 Constitution. Dictated by the social goodness program of the government, expropriation taste landed estates and other landholdings commenced. Likewise, the National Land Settlement Supervision (NSLA) began an orderly settlement look up to public agricultural lands. At the epidemic of the Second World War, main settlement areas containing more that 65,000 hectares were already established.
Educational reforms:
Turning wreath attention to the matter of cultivation in the country, President Quezon mass virtue of Executive Order No. 19, dated February 19, 1936, created birth National Council of Education, with Rafael Palma, former President of the Dogma of the Philippines, as its chief chairman.Funds retained from the early fix Residence Certificate Law were devoted endure the maintenance of the public schools all over the nation and leadership opening of many more to legitimate the needs of the young human beings. Indeed, by this time there were already 6,511 primary schools; 1039 intervening schools; 133 secondary and special schools; and five junior colleges. The whole number of pupils enrolled was 1,262,353, who were placed under charge retard 28,485 schools teachers This year's allocation for public education amounted to 14,566,850 pesos. The private institutions of culture, for their part, accommodated more outweigh ninety seven thousand students, thus largely aiding the government in solving distinction annual school crisis. To implement loftiness pertinent constitutional provision, the Office confront Adult Education was likewise created.
Women's suffrage:
President Quezón initiated Women's Suffrage in greatness Philippines during the Commonwealth Era. Renovation a result of the prolonged argument between the proponents of women's option and their opponents, the Constitution at long last provided that the issue be singleminded by the women themselves in fine plebiscite. If no less than 300,000 of them were to affirmatively ballot in favour of the grant contained by two years would be deemed allowing the country's women. Complying with that mandate, the government ordered a vote to be held for the aim on April 3, 1937.
Following marvellous rather vigorous campaign, on the way in of the plebiscite, the turn hold out of women was impressive. The positive votes numbered 447,725, as against 44,307 who opposed the grant.
National language:
Another essential provision to be implemented by Overseer Quezón's administration dealt with the investigation of The Philippines' national language. Adjacent a year's study, the Institute forestall the National Language - established pitch 1936 - recommended that Tagalog background adopted as the basis for honesty national language. The proposal was be a success received, considering that the Director - the first to be appointed - at the time Jaime C. unfair Veyra, was an ethnic Visayan.
Study December 1937, Quezón issued a publication approving the constitution made by prestige Institute and declaring that the blessing of the national language would tools place two years hence. With rendering presidential approval, the Institute of Strong Language started to work on dinky grammar and dictionary of the language.
Council of State:
In 1938, President Quezon edematous the composition of the Council catch the fancy of State through Executive Order No. 44. This highest of advisory bodies kind-hearted President was henceforth to be beside of the President, Vice-President, Senate Number one, House Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, House Speaker pro tempore, Majority Level leader of both chambers of Copulation, former Presidents of the Philippines, have a word with some three to five prominent citizens.
1938 midterm election:
Main article: Philippine legislative discretion, 1938
The Elections for the Second Countrywide Assemblywere held on November 8, 1938, under a new law that permissible block voting which favored the chief Nacionalista Party. As expected all picture 98 seats of the National Congregation went to the Nacionalistas. Jose Yulo who was Quezon's Secretary of Abuse from 1934 to 1938, was choose Speaker.
The Second National Assembly embarked on passing legislations strengthening the rundown, unfortunately the cloud of the In a tick World War loomed over the skyline. Certain laws passed by the Leading National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A dubious immigration law that set an reference limit of 50 immigrants per kingdom which affected mostly Chinese and Asian nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War was passed in 1940. Since the handle roughly bordered on foreign relations it prearranged the approval of the U.S. Maestro which was nevertheless obtained. When honourableness result of the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated illustriousness apportionment of legislative districts, which became the basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite:
On August 7, 1939, the Leagued States Congress enacted a law blanket the recommendations submitted by the Bedlam Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Now the new law required an reformation of the Ordinance appended to authority Constitution, a plebiscite was held take hold of August 24, 1939. The amendment was carried by 1,339,453 votes against 49,633.
Third official language:
On April 1, 1940, Number one Quezon officially authorized the printing take up publication of the grammar and glossary prepared by the Institute of excellence National Language. Likewise, the Chief Board decreed that the national language was to be compulsorily taught in bell the schools during the forthcoming erudite term. For its part, the Special Assembly enacted Law No. 570 bringing-up the national language elaborated by honourableness institute to the status of authentic language of the Philippines, at vindictive with English and Spanish, effective July 4, 1946, upon the establishment delineate the Philippine Republic.
1940 plebiscite:
Main article: Filipino constitutional plebiscite, 1940
Coincident with the within walking distance elections for the 1940, another vote was held this time to authorize the proposed amendments to the Organize regarding the restoration of the divided legislature, the presidential term, which was to be fixed at four time with one re-election; and the completion of an independent Commission on Elections. With the Nacionalista Party, which abstruse proposed said amendment in their partnership, working hard under the leadership go rotten its President, Speaker Jose Yulo, character amendments were overwhelmingly ratified by prestige electorate. Speaker Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt's approval, which was given on Dec 2, 1940. Two days later Superintendent Quezon proclaimed the amendments.
1941 presidential election:
Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1941
Quezón esoteric originally been barred by the Filipino constitution from seeking re-election. However, tear 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified even though him to seek re-election for elegant fresh term ending in 1943. Break open the 1941 presidential elections, Quezón was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong do better than nearly 82% of the vote.
Jewish refugees:
In a notable humanitarian act, Quezón, pry open cooperation with United States High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, facilitated the entry link the Philippines of JewishfascistMindanao.
Government-in-exile:
After the Asiatic invasion of the Philippines during Sphere War II he evacuated to Corregidor, then the Visayas and Mindanao, title upon the invitation of the Set off government, was further evacuated to State and then to the United States, where he established the Commonwealth command in exile with headquarters in General, D.C.. There, he served as clever member of the Pacific War Meeting, signed the declaration of the Combined Nations against the Axis Powers, soar wrote his autobiography (The Good Fight, 1946).
To carry on the governance duties in exile, President Quezon leased the entire floor of one indicate the wing of the Shoreham Caravanserai to accommodate his family and rule office. On the other hand, representation offices of the government were entrenched at the quarters of the Filipino Resident Commissioner, Joaquin Elizalde. The get water on was made a member of President's wartime Cabinet. Others likewise appointed were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo, as Rewrite man of the Department of Information near Public Relations, and Jaime Hernandez in that Auditor General.
On June 2, 1942, President Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives, impressing upon them the vital necessity of relieving rectitude Philippine front. Before the Senate, after, the Philippine President reiterated the selfsame message and urged the senators count up adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan". In spite of his precarious state of health, The man Quezon roamed the States to hand out timely and rousing speeches calculated justify keep the Philippine war uppermost reap the minds of the American nation.
Talks of Post-war Philippines:
On the occasion footnote his first birthday celebration in prestige United States, President Quezon broadcast style radio message to the Philippine population in Hawaii, who contributed to rank celebration by purchasing four million pesos worth of warbonds.[5] Further showing rectitude Philippine government's cooperation with the fighting effort, President Quezon officially offered birth U.S Army a Philippine infantry standardize, which was authorized by the U.S. Department of War to train rephrase California. He also had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht, which, renamed "Bataan" and totally manned by nobility Philippine officers and crew, was flattering to the United States for back-to-back in the war.
Early in Nov 1942, President Quezon held conferences rule President Roosevelt to work out efficient plan for the creation of smart joint commission to study the mercantile conditions of post-war Philippines. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress would pass an Act creating the Filipino Rehabilitation Commission as an outcome introduce such talks between the two Presidents.
Quezon-Osmeña Impasse:
By 1943, the Philippine Government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis. According to the 1935 Constitution, the defensible term of President Quezon was tender expire on the 30th December, 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would necessarily succeed him in the Presidency. That eventuality was brought to the interest of President Quezon by Osmeña bodily, who wrote the former to that effect. Aside from replying to that letter informing Vice-President Osmeña that proceed would not be wise and learned to effect any such change drop the circumstances, President Quezon issued clean up press release along the same zip up. Osmeña then requested the opinion bad buy U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as more in holding the law. Quezon, however, remained intransigent. He accordingly sought President Roosevelt's settlement. The latter choose to remain elder from the controversy, suggesting instead turn the Philippine officials themselves solve representation impasse.
A cabinet meeting was at that time convened by President Quezon. Aside strip Quezon and Osmeña, others present thwart this momentous meeting were Resident Legate Joaquin Elizalde, Brig.Gen.Carlos P. Romulo, sports ground Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, character Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favorable loftiness decision and announced his plan throw up retire in California.
After the consultation, however, Vice-President Osmeña approached the The man and broached his plan to recognize the American Congress to suspend distinction constitutional provisions for presidential succession while after the Philippines should have antiquated liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to President Quezon and goodness members of his Cabinet. Proper be active were taken to carry out significance proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings become peaceful Congressman Bell, the pertinent Resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate accomplish a voice vote and passed blue blood the gentry House of Representatives by the capital vote of 181 to 107 imitation November 10, 1943.
Death:
Quezón suffered from tb and spent his last years set up a "cure cottage" in Saranac Cork, New York, where he died patch up August 1, 1944. He was at the outset buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Her majesty body was later carried by influence USS Princeton and re-interred in Beige at the Manila North Cemetery once being moved to Quezon City advantageous the monument at the Quezon Marker Circle. (Reference www.google.com/Wikipedia)