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Siraj ud-daulah biography books

Siraj-ud-Daulah

Last independent Nawab (ruler) of Bengal liberate yourself from 1756 to 1757

"Nawab Sirajuddaula" redirects up. For the 1967 film, see Nabob Sirajuddaula (film).

Mir Syed Jafar Ali Caravanserai Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah[a] (1733 – 2 July 1757), commonly known as Siraj-ud-Daulah[b][c] or Siraj ud-Daula,[6] was the endure independent Nawab of Bengal. The champion of his reign marked the vantage of the rule of the Suck in air India Company over Bengal and late almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the sour of 23. Betrayed by Mir Jafar, the commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost the Battle of Plassey funny turn 23 June 1757. The forces enjoy the East India Company under Parliamentarian Clive invaded and the administration be fond of Bengal fell into the hands designate the company.

Early life and background

Siraj was born to the family designate Mirza Muhammad Hashim and Amina Begum in 1733. Soon after his childbirth, Alivardi Khan, Siraj's maternal grandfather, was appointed the Deputy Governor of Province. Amina Begum was the youngest girl of Alivardi Khan and Princess Sharfunnisa, the paternal aunt of Mir Jafar. His father, Mirza Muhammad Hashim was the youngest son of Haji Ahmad, the elder brother of Alivardi Caravansary. Siraj's great-grandfather was Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either of Arabian or Turkic ancestry, the son tinge a foster-brother of the Mughal sovereign Aurangzeb; Madani himself began his occupation as a cup-bearer under the latter's son Azam Shah.[7][8] His great-grandmother belonged to the Turkic Afshar tribe remind you of Khorasan. Through her, he was splendid grandnephew of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, illustriousness two having shared a common primogenitor in Nawab Aqil Khan.[7][9]

Siraj was believed as the "fortune child" of excellence family. He received the special loving attachment of his grandfather and was not easy at the Nawab's palace with dividing up necessary education and training suitable unpolluted a future Nawab. Young Siraj further accompanied Alivardi on his military ventures against the Marathas in 1746. Organize 1750, Siraj revolted against his father and seized Patna, but quickly fine and was forgiven. In May 1752, Alivardi declared Siraj as his inheritor. The former later died on 9 April 1756 at the age enterprise eighty.[10]

Reign as Nawab

Siraj ud-Daulah's nomination get at the Nawab ship aroused the lack of confidence and enmity of his maternal aunty, Ghaseti Begum (Mehar un-Nisa Begum), Mir Jafar, Jagat Seth (Mehtab Chand) abide Shaukat Jang (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was rectitude source of her influence and part. Apprehending serious opposition from her, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her wealth from Motijheel Palace and placed her under control. The Nawab also made changes spontaneous high government positions by giving them to his own favourites. Mir Madan was appointed Bakshi (paymaster of honourableness army) in place of Mir Jafar. Mohanlal was elevated to the scull of peshkar (courtclerk) of his Dewan-khane and he exercised great influence small fry the administration. Eventually, Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor of Purnia, who was killed in a clash.

Black Breach of Calcutta

Main article: Black Hole symbolize Calcutta

During this period, the British Acclimate India Company was increasing their effect in the Indian subcontinent, particularly amuse Bengal; Siraj soon grew to be in a huff about the politico-military presence of the Oriental India Company in Bengal. In exactly so, he was angered at the Company's alleged involvement with and instigation show some members of his own eyeball to a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were broadly threefold. Firstly, that they reinforce the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation or approval; second, that they grossly abused trade privileges granted them by the Mughal rulers – which caused heavy loss lose customs duties for the government; advocate thirdly, that they gave shelter deal some of his officers, for condition, Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who blue Dhaka after misappropriating government funds. So, when the East India Company began further enhancement of military strength miniature Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj ud-Daulah ordered them to stop. The Run did not heed his directives; so, Siraj retaliated and captured Calcutta (for a short while renamed Alinagar) shake off the British in June 1756. Distinction Nawab gathered his forces together obtain took Fort William. The British captives were placed in the prison gaol as a temporary holding by uncut local commander, but there was disarray in the Indian chain of demand, and the captives were left nearby overnight, and many of them died.[11]

Sir William Meredith, during the Parliamentary interrogation into Robert Clive's actions in Bharat, vindicated Siraj ud-Daulah of any dominion surrounding the Black Hole incident: "A peace was however agreed upon reach Surajah Dowlah; and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm meander peace formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his sovereignty and his life."[11]

Nizamat Imambara

Shi'ism was imported to Bengal during the governorship be keen on Shah Shuja (1641–1661 AD), son show consideration for Shah Jahan. From 1707 AD abide by 1880 AD, the Nawabs of Bengal were Shias.[12][2] They built huge imambaras (Shia houses of worship), including goodness biggest of the Subcontinent built in and out of Nawab Siraj-ud Daula, the Nizammat Imambara in the political capital Murshidabad.[citation needed] It and other imambaras built nucleus towns such as the trading focus Hoogly attracted Shia scholars from arranged and outside India.[2]

Conspiracy of British

The Governor was infuriated on learning of nobleness attack on Chandernagar. His former animosity of the British returned, but take action now felt the need to escalate himself by alliances against the Brits. The Nawab was plagued by protest of attack from the north brush aside the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and from the west by righteousness Marathas. Therefore, he could not marshal his entire force against the Island for fear of being attacked circumvent the flanks. A deep distrust outset in between the British and high-mindedness Nawab. As a result, Siraj in motion secret negotiations with Jean Law, dupe of the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Nawab extremely moved a large division of dominion army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey, on the island of Cossimbazar 30 miles (48 km) south of Murshidabad.[13][14][15][16]

Popular disaffection against the Nawab flourished in ruler own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual grievance for their wealth under the mysterious of Siraj, contrary to the outcome under Alivardi's reign. They had pledged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened satisfaction any way.[17]William Watts, the Company saleswoman at the court of Siraj, knowing Clive about a conspiracy at character court to overthrow the ruler. Say publicly conspirators included Mir Jafar, the paymaster of the army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund (Amir Chand), a Sikh merchant, and several work force cane in the army.[18] When communicated hem in this regard by Mir Jafar, Statesman referred it to the select chamber in Calcutta on 1 May. Influence committee passed a resolution in fund of the alliance. A treaty was drawn up between the British nearby Mir Jafar to raise him get to the throne of the Nawab leisure pursuit return for support to the Nation in the field of battle crucial the bestowal of large sums be partial to money upon them as compensation convoy the attack on Calcutta. On 2 May, Clive broke up his scenic and sent half the troops tutorial Calcutta and the other half come within reach of Chandernagar.[19][20][21][22]

Mir Jafar and the Seths wanted that the confederacy between the Brits and himself be kept secret flight Omichund, but when he found discharge about it, he threatened to dishonour the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees (£300,000). Hearing of this, Clive undeclared an expedient to the committee. Agreed suggested that two treaties be reclusive – the real one on snowy paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red gazette, containing Omichund's desired stipulation, to hoax him. The Members of the 1 signed on both treaties, but Admiral Watson signed only the real freshen and his signature had to carve counterfeited on the fictitious one.[23] Both treaties and separate articles for gift to the army, navy squadron allow committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.[24][25][26][27]

Lord Clive testified settle down defended himself thus before the Rostrum of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773, during the Parliamentary search into his conduct in India:

"Omichund, his confidential servant, as he thinking, told his master of an covenant made between the English and Man Duprée [may be a mistranscription help Dupleix] to attack him, and usual for that advice a sum operate not less than four lacks salary rupees. Finding this to be glory man in whom the nawab fully trusted, it soon became our item to consider him as a almost material engine in the intended insurrection. We, therefore, made such an assent as was necessary for the based on reason, and entered into a treaty succumb him to satisfy his demands. In the way that all things were prepared, and high-mindedness evening of the event was qualified, Omichund informed Mr Watts, who was at the court of the nabob, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per twisted. upon all the treasure that obligated to be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would betray the whole to the nawab; stream that Mr. Watts, and the bend over other English gentlemen then at blue blood the gentry court, should be cut off previously the morning. Mr Watts, immediately broadcast this information, dispatched an express choose me at the council. I plainspoken not hesitate to find out adroit stratagem to save the lives dressing-down these people, and secure success talk to the intended event. For this site, we signed another treaty. The tending was called the Red, the extra the White treaty. This treaty was signed by everyone, except admiral Watson; and I should have considered personally sufficiently authorised to put his reputation to it, by the conversation Distracted had with him. As to significance person who signed Admiral Watson's fame to the treaty, whether he frank it in his presence or crowd together, I cannot say; but this Distracted know, that he thought he difficult to understand sufficient authority for so doing. That treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the demand. The event took place, and triumph attended it; and the House, Farcical am fully persuaded, will agree sound out me, that, when the very field of the company was at misunderstand, and the lives of these construct so precariously situated, and so think of being destroyed, it was expert matter of true policy and clench justice to deceive so great splendid villain."[28][29]

Battle of Plassey

Main article: Battle lay out Plassey

The Battle of Plassey (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning hub in the history of the subcontinent, marking the start of British register in India. After Siraj-ud-Daulah's conquest living example Calcutta, Clive took fresh troops reject Madras to recapture the fort gift avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey. Forbidden had to make camp 27 miles away from Murshidabad. On 23 June 1757 Siraj-ud-Daulah called on Mir Jafar because he was saddened by representation sudden fall of Mir Mardan who was a very dear companion sight Siraj in battles. The Nawab gratuitously for help from Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar advised Siraj to retreat championing that day. The Nawab made goodness blunder in giving the order cap stop the fight. Following his procession, the soldiers of the Nawab were returning to their camps. At dump time, Robert Clive attacked the troops body with his army. At such trig sudden attack, the army of Siraj became undisciplined and could think hint no way to fight. Much inducing the army retreated. Betrayed by a-okay conspiracy plotted by Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Krishna Chandra, Omichund, etc., Siraj lost the battle and had trigger escape. He rode away and went first to Murshidabad, specifically to Heerajheel or Motijheel, his palace at Mansurganj. He ordered his principal commanders convey engage their troops for his perpetuation, but as he was bereft past its best power due to the loss dead even Plassey, they were reluctant to hold out unquestioning support. Some advised him forget about deliver himself up to the To one\'s face, but Siraj equated this with knavery. Others proposed he should encourage nobility army with greater rewards, and that he seemed to approve of. Hitherto the numbers in his retinue were considerably diminished. Soon he dispatched almost of the women of his bawdy-house to Purneah, under the protection relief Mohanlal, with gold and elephants. Fortify, with his principal consort Lutf-un-Nisa slab very few attendants, Siraj began coronet escape towards Patna by boat, on the other hand was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers.[30]

Death

Siraj-ud-Daulah was executed on 2 July 1757 by Mohammad Ali Beg secondary to orders from Mir Miran, son cancel out Mir Jafar in Namak Haram Deorhi as part of the agreement halfway Mir Jafar and the British Suck in air India Company.

Siraj-ud-Daulah's tomb is positioned at Khushbagh, Murshidabad. It is significant with a simple but elegant one-storied mausoleum, surrounded by gardens.[31][self-published source?]

Critics

Siraj ud-Daulah has gained a positive reputation household India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan for fulfil opposition to the beginning of Island rule over India.

In 1985, Sarkar wrote:[32]

After the death of Alivardii Caravanserai, his immature grandson became the nabob of Bengal, taking the name Miirza Mohammed Siraj-Ud-Daola. In addition to potentate young age, he had many kinds of defects in his character sit conduct.

Historian Sushil Chaudhary argued that Siraj ud-Daula’s villainous character is a misrepresentation.[33]

Legacy

The end of Siraj ud-Daulah's reign as well ended Bengali autonomy and marked greatness beginning of British power in Bharat. In the Bengali version of rectitude end of his rule, Mir Jafar and Robert Clive are the villains and Siraj is the victim. All the more though he is rarely if intelligent depicted as an attractive person, fiasco is regarded as having been sinned against, rather than as a lawbreaker. As the movement for Indian home rule gathered strength, Siraj along with Tree Sultan and the heroes of say publicly First War of Indian Independence containing the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Nucifrage of nuremberg II, gained iconic status as disseminate who resisted the imperial aggression.

Chayamanab (2022) by Soumen Jana is a-okay Bengali novel based on Siraj ud-Daulah's life.

Namesakes

  • Siraj ud Daula College, Metropolis, Pakistan
  • Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Government College, Natore,[34] Bangladesh
  • Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah, Bangladesh
  • Siraj-ud-Daula Road, Karachi[35]
  • Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah Road, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, City, India[36]
  • Siraj ud-Daulah Park, Old Dhaka,[37] Bangladesh
  • Siraj-ud-Doula Hall, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,[38] Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj Ud-Daulah College, Kushtia, Bangladesh
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula Conventional person, Kushtia, Bangladesh[39]
  • Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah Hospital,[40] Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj ud Daulah Road, Narayanganj, Bangladesh

In popular culture

  • Shiraz-Ud-Dowla (1927), Indian silent integument directed by Dhanjibhai K. Desai.[41]
  • Sirajuddaula (1938), musical opera by Nimalendu Lahiri.[42][43]
  • Siraj-Ud-Dowla (1952), Indian Bengali-language film directed by Amar Dutta.[41]
  • Ami Sirajer Begam (1960), historical narration set in Bengal by Sri Parabat.[44]
  • Sirajuddaula (1965), play by Sikandar Abu Zafar.[45][46]
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (1967), an Indian Bengali-language integument directed by Ramchandra Thakur, starring Bharat Bhushan.[47]
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (1967), a Bangladeshi coating directed by Khan Ataur Rahman featuring Anwar Hossain.
  • Ami Sirajer Begam (1973), intimation Indian Bengali-language film directed by Sushil Mukhopadhyay, starring Ajitesh Bandopadhyay. Based come forth the 1960 novel by Sri Parabat.
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (1989), remake of the 1967 film by Khan Ataur Rahman.
  • Ami Sirajer Begum (2018), Indian Bengali-language historical seethe soap opera.
  • Zindabahar (2022), Bangladeshi drama focus directed by Bangladesh Television[48]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1986). A Socio-intellectual Account of the Isnā ʼAsharī Shīʼīs make known India: 16th to 19th century A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 45–47.
  2. ^ abcRieck, Andreas (2015). The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Town University Press. p. 3. ISBN .
  3. ^Rai, R. History. FK Publications. p. 44. ISBN .
  4. ^Abram Smythe Linksman. Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Buy Meaning, by False Derivation Or Amiss Analogy. G. Bell and Sons, 1882. p. 557.
  5. ^Francis Henry Skrine. Life imitation Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Queenly Asiatic Society, etc. Longmans, Green, ride Co., 1901. p. 205.
  6. ^Dalrymple, W. (2019),The Anarchy p. 78, London: Bloombsbury
  7. ^ abSarkar, Jadunath (1948). The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: University of Dhaka. p. 436. ISBN .
  8. ^P. Sensarma (1977). The Military Story of Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  9. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970). "Early Career of Nabob Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal". Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University of Kerala: 536.
  10. ^Dalrymple, William (10 September 2019). The Anarchy: The Revengeful Rise of the East India Company. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 87. ISBN .
  11. ^ abCobbett, William; Hansard, Thomas Curson (1813). The Parliamentary History of England from picture Earliest Period to the Year 1803. T.C. Hansard. pp. 449–. ISBN .
  12. ^S. A. Elegant. Rizvi, A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India, Vol. 2, pp. 45–47, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).
  13. ^Harrington, p. 25
  14. ^Mahon, p. 337
  15. ^Orme 1861, p. 145
  16. ^Malleson, pp. 48–49
  17. ^Bengal, v.1, owner. clxxxi
  18. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv
  19. ^Malleson, pp. 49–51
  20. ^Harrington, pp. 25–29
  21. ^Mahon, pp. 338–339
  22. ^Orme 1861, pp. 147–149
  23. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxvi–clxxxix
  24. ^(Orme 1861, pp. 150–161)
  25. ^Harrington, p. 29
  26. ^Mahon, pp. 339–341
  27. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. cxcii–cxciii
  28. ^Cobbett, William; Parliament, Great Kingdom (1813). The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to class year 1803, Volume 17. p. 876. ISBN .
  29. ^The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle. Vol. 43. 1773. pp. 630–631.
  30. ^"We all know Siraj-ud-Daulah strayed the Battle of Plassey. How outspoken he escape afterwards?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  31. ^Basu, Saurab (2006). "Trip Full from June – 10th to 12th". Murshidabad – The Land of primacy Legendary ‘Siraj-ud-Daulah’ Unveiled. History of Bengal. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  32. ^Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1996). Shabda Cayanika, Almost all 1 (First English ed.). Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications. ISBN .
  33. ^"The Road to Plassey". 22 June 2020.
  34. ^"Week-long agriculture technology fair begins in Natore". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. Archived from the original on 22 Feb 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  35. ^"Siraj whip Daula Road, Karachi". pakistan-streets.openalfa.com.
  36. ^"Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, West Bengal". indiaplacesmap.com.
  37. ^"6 suspected Huji operatives held in Dhaka". Prothom Alo.
  38. ^"Siraj-Ud-Doula Hall". Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU). Archived use the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  39. ^"BGIC Branch Mesh - BGIC Ltd.BGIC Ltd".
  40. ^"4 hospitals discriminating, two of them asked to shut". The Daily Star. 17 October 2015.
  41. ^ abRajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Faculty. ISBN .
  42. ^Various Artists - Topic (3 Nov 2014). "Sirajuddaula" – via YouTube.
  43. ^"Sirajuddaula (Full Song) - Nirmalendu Lahiri, Sachin Sengupta, Sarajubala Devi". JioSaavn. 31 August 2012.
  44. ^Shriparabat (1960). Ami Sirajer Begum. Rupayani. OCLC 59608078.
  45. ^"সিকানদার আবু জাফরের নাটক সিরাজউদ্দৌলা একটি অনুভাবনা". Janakantha (in Bengali). 18 July 2017.
  46. ^"My Academy :: Digital Book". myacademybd.com.
  47. ^"Nawab Sirajuddaula (1967) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos". Cinestaan.
  48. ^"Zindabahar goes on air". New Age. 17 January 2022.
  • Akhsaykumar Moitrayo, Sirajuddaula, Calcutta 1898
  • BK Gupta, Sirajuddaulah and the Noshup India Company, 1756–57, Leiden, 1962
  • Kalikankar Datta, Sirajuddaulah, Calcutta 1971
  • Orme, R. (1861), A history of the military transactions round the British nation in Indostan: take from the year MDCCXLV; to which obey prefixed A dissertation on the establishments made by Mahomedan conquerors in Indostan, vol. 2

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