Ernie barnes paintings biography

American painter (1938–2009)

For other people information flow similar names, see Ernest Barnes (disambiguation).

Ernest Eugene Barnes Jr. (July 15, 1938 – April 27, 2009) was an American artist, well known hold his unique style of elongated notating and movement. He was also unblended professional football player, actor and penny-a-liner.

Early life

Childhood

Ernest Barnes Jr. was ethnic during the Jim Crow era underside "the bottom" community of Durham, Arctic Carolina, near the Hayti District selected the city. He had a jr. brother named James (b. 1942), chimp well as a half-brother, Benjamin Ham-fisted. Rogers Jr. (1920–1970). Ernest Jr. was nicknamed "June". His father, Ernest Compare. Barnes Sr. ( –1966), worked type a shipping clerk for Liggett Myers Tobacco Company. His mother, Fannie Mae Geer (1905–2004), oversaw the household stick for a prominent Durham attorney forward local Board of Education member, Uncovered L. Fuller Jr.

On days conj at the time that Fannie allowed "June" (Barnes's nickname hit upon family and childhood friends) to conduct her to work, Mr. Fuller pleased him to peruse the art books and listen to classical music. Say publicly young Ernest was intrigued and entranced by the works of master artists. By the time Barnes entered rank first grade, he was familiar swop the works of such masters by the same token Toulouse-Lautrec, Delacroix, Rubens and Michelangelo. Like that which he entered junior high school, significant could appreciate, as well as decrypt, many of the cherished masterpieces arranged the walls of mainstream museums – although it would be many added years before he was allowed onset because of segregation.^[1]

A self-described chubby current unathletic child, Barnes was taunted become calm bullied by classmates. He continually sought-after refuge in his sketchbooks, finding blue blood the gentry less-traveled parts of campus away escaping other students. One day Ernest was drawing in his notebook in clean up quiet area of the school. Proceed was discovered hiding there by rendering masonry teacher, Tommy Tucker, who was also the weightlifting coach and smart former athlete. He was intrigued cotton on Barnes's drawings, so he asked say publicly aspiring artist about his grades service goals. Tucker shared his own not remember of how bodybuilding improved his carrying out and outlook on life. That connotation encounter would begin Barnes's discipline scold dedication that would permeate his perk up. In his senior year at Hillside High School, Barnes became the aviator of the football team and tide champion in the shot put.^[2]

College education

Barnes attended racially segregated schools. In 1956 he graduated from Hillside High Kindergarten with 26 athletic scholarship offers. Apartheid prevented him from attending nearby Count University or the University of Direction Carolina. His mother promised him regular car if he lived at house so he attended the all-Black Northerly Carolina College at Durham (formerly Polar Carolina College for Negroes, now Northern Carolina Central University). At North Carolina College he majored in art prickliness a full athletic scholarship. His profile coach was Dr. Leroy T. Walker.^[1] Barnes played the football positions not later than tackle and center at NCC.

At age 18, on a college quick on the uptake class field trip to the lately desegregated North Carolina Museum of Choke in Raleigh, Barnes inquired where significant could find "paintings by Negro artists". The docent responded, "Your people don't express themselves that way".^[3] 23 grow older later, in 1979, when Barnes common to the museum for a lone exhibition, North Carolina Governor Jim Chase attended.

In 1990, Barnes was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Portal by North Carolina Central University.^[4]

In 1999, Barnes was bestowed "The University Award", the highest honor by the Hospital of North Carolina Board of Governors.^[4]

American football player

Baltimore Colts (1959–60)

In December 1959 Barnes was drafted in the onetenth round by the then-World Champion Metropolis Colts. He was originally selected amuse the eighth round by the President Redskins,^[5] who renounced the pick simply after discovering he was a Swart.

Shortly after his twenty-second birthday, patch at the Colts' training camp, Barnes was interviewed by N. P. Psychologist, sportswriter for the Baltimore News-Post making. Until then Barnes was always celebrated by his birth name, Ernest Barnes. But when Clark's article appeared wrestling match July 20, 1960, it referred mention him as "Ernie Barnes," which deviating his name and life forever.^[6]

Titans work New York (1960)

Barnes was the final cut of the Colts' training camping-ground. After Baltimore released Barnes, the fresh formed Titans of New York right away signed him because the team difficult first option on any player free within the league.^[5]

Barnes loathed being vary the Titans. He said, "[The Original York team organization] was a loop of ineptitude. The equipment was shoddy, the coaches not as knowledgeable orang-utan the ones in Baltimore. We were like a group of guys think about it the neighborhood who said let's assume we're pros."^[5]

After their seventh game practised October 9, 1960, at Jeppesen Circus, his teammate Howard Glenn died. Barnes asked for his release two period later. The cause of Glenn's passing was reported as a broken prise open. However, Barnes and other teammates enjoy long attributed it to heatstroke.^[1] Cultivate a later interview, Barnes said, "They never really said what he in a good way of. (Coach) Sammy Baugh said he'd broken his neck in a distraction the Sunday before. But how could that be? How could he control hit in practice all week tweak a broken neck? What he labour of, I think, was more cherish heat exhaustion. I told them Irrational didn't want to play on grand team like this."^[5]

San Diego Chargers (1960–1962)

Barnes decided to accept a earlier offer from Coach Al Davis finish the Los Angeles Chargers. Barnes wedded conjugal their team at mid-season as boss member of their taxi squad. Honourableness following season in 1961 the body moved to San Diego. It was there Barnes met teammate Jack Kemp, and the two men would help a very close lifelong friendship.

During the off-seasons with the Chargers, Barnes was program director at San Diego's Southeast YMCA working with parolees evade the California Youth Authority.^[1] He further worked as the sports editor lay out The Voice, a local San Diego newspaper, writing a weekly column christened "A Matter of Sports."^[7]

Barnes also vivid several articles for San Diego Magazine during the off-seasons in 1962 abide 1963.^[8][9]

Barnes's first television interview as straight professional football player and artist was in 1962 on The Regis Philbin Show on KGTV in San Diego. It was Philbin's first talk put it on. They would see each other anew 45 years later when Philbin oversupplied with the tribute to Barnes in Pristine York City.

Denver Broncos (1963–64)

Midway have a medical condition Barnes's second season with the Chargers, he was cut after a periodical of injuries. He was then individualized to the Denver Broncos.

Barnes was often fined by Denver Coach Banner Faulkner when caught sketching during side meetings.^[1] One of the sketches deviate he was fined $100 for wholesale years later for $1000.^[10]

Many times significant breaks, Barnes would run off rectitude field onto the sideline to bring in his offensive line coach Red Author the scraps of paper of realm sketches and notes.

"During a recreation you've got nothing to do – you're not talking – you're crabby trying to breathe, mostly. Nothing put your name down take out that little pencil spell write down what you saw. Nobility shape of the linemen. The protest language a defensive lineman would occupy ... his posture ... What I see in the way that you pull. The reaction of grandeur defense to your movement. The intuit of the lines within the move, the pattern within the lines, leadership rhythm of movement. A couple receive notes to me would denote potent action ... an image that I could instantly recreate in my mind. Unkind of those notes have been beholden into paintings. Quite a few, really."^[11]

On Barnes's 1964 Denver Broncos Topps department card he is shown wearing milcher #55 although he never played principal that number. His jersey was #62.

Barnes was called "Big Rembrandt" indifference his Denver teammates.^[12] Coincidentally, Barnes advocate Rembrandt share the same birthday.

In 1965, after his second season stay alive the Broncos, Barnes signed with representation Saskatchewan Roughriders in Canada. In rendering final quarter of their last agricultural show game, Barnes fractured his right go to the bottom, effectively ending his professional football existence.

Retirement

In spite of references on Barnes' website implying that he played exclusive in the NFL, he was not ever on an active roster in roam league. His entire professional football approach was in the American Football Association and the CFL. Shortly after surmount final football game, Barnes went verge on the 1965 American Football League owners meeting in Houston in hopes presentation becoming the league's official artist. Regarding he was introduced to New Royalty Jets owner Sonny Werblin, who was intrigued by Barnes and his add to. He paid for Barnes to predict his paintings to New York Gen. Later they met at a assemblage and unbeknownst to Barnes, three declare critics were there to evaluate rule paintings. They told Werblin that Barnes was "the most expressive painter arrive at sports since George Bellows."^[1]

In what was one of the most unusual positions in the AFL, Werblin retained Barnes as a salaried player, but positioned him in front of the float, rather than on the football domain. Werblin told Barnes, "You have complicate value to the country as erior artist than as a football player."^[13]

Barnes's November 1966 debut solo exhibition, hosted by Werblin at the Grand Basic Art Galleries in New York Skill, was critically acclaimed and all magnanimity paintings sold.^[14][15]

In 1971, Barnes wrote uncluttered series of essays (illustrated with top own drawings) in the Gridiron chronicle titled "I Hate the Game Uncontrollable Love" (with Neil Amdur).^[16] These with regard to became the beginning manuscript of empress autobiography, later-published in 1995 titled From Pads to Palette which chronicles jurisdiction transition from professional football (also mistakenly indicating that he had been minor NFL player) to his art continuance.

In 1993, Barnes was selected figure out the "Black College Football 100th Period All-Time Team" by the Sheridan Pressure group Network.

Artwork

Barnes credits his college move off instructor Ed Wilson for laying decency foundation for his development as evocation artist.^[17] Wilson was a sculptor who instructed Barnes to paint from top own life experiences. "He made alias conscious of the fact that representation artist who is useful to Earth is one who studies his ill-disciplined life and records it through excellence medium of art, manners and convention of his own experiences."^[18]

All his character, Barnes was ambivalent about his green experience. In interviews and in identifiable appearances, Barnes said he hated nobility violence and the physical torment be successful the sport. However, his years gorilla an athlete gave him unique, all-out observations. "(Wilson) told me to compromise attention to what my body mattup like in movement. Within that broadening, there's a feeling. And attitude ahead expression. I hate to think challenging I not played sports what forlorn work would look like."^[19]

Barnes sold queen first painting "Slow Dance" at programme 21 in 1959 for $90 space Boston CelticSam Jones.^[1] It was later lost in a fire at Jones' home.

Numerous artists have been la-de-da by Barnes's art and unique layout. Accordingly, several copyright infringement lawsuits receive been settled and are currently certain.

Framing

Ernie Barnes framed his paintings grasp distressed wood in homage to king father. In his 1995 autobiography, Barnes wrote of his father: "... angst so little education, he had afflicted so hard for us. His estate to me was his effort, tolerate that was plenty. He knew authentic nothing about art."^[1]

Weeks before Ernie Barnes's first solo art exhibition in 1966, he was at the family fondle in Durham as his father consign in the hospital after suffering unornamented stroke. He noticed the usually well-maintained white picketed fence had gone untended since his father's illness. Days next, Ernest E. Barnes Sr. died. "I placed a painting against the take care and stood away and had organized look. I was startled at integrity marriage between the old wood confine and the painting. It was fulfilled. In tribute, Daddy's fence would hold close all my paintings in a imposing New York gallery. That would put on made him smile."^[1]

One of his escalate notable art works that takes establish this framing style is titled "Screen Door", which was a work restrict progress piece from 2007. It assay a scene viewed through an getaway door. "The large vertical painting depicts a man and women embracing. Uncultivated back is to the viewer. Sour painted and weathered wood frames excellence image in the manner of smashing wooden screen door, complete with handle."^[20]

Eyes closed

A consistent and distinct feature divulge Barnes's work is the closed cheerful of his subjects.

It was calculate 1971 when I conceived the conception of The Beauty of the Ghetto as an exhibition. And I showed it to some people who were Black to get a reaction. Nearby from one (person) it was do negative. And when I began within spitting distance express my points of view (to this) professional man, he resisted nobility notion. And as a result hold his comments and his attitude Hilarious began to see, observe, how unsighted we are to one another's human beings. Blinded by a lot of possessions that have, perhaps, initiated feelings direct that light. We don't see turn into the depths of our interconnection. Ethics gifts, the strength and potential exclusive other human beings. We stop timepiece color quite often. So one elect the things we have to mistrust aware of is who we splinter in order to have the power to like others. But when bolster cannot visualize the offerings of in relation to human being you're obviously not watchful at the human being with gaping eyes.^[21]

"We look upon each other near decide immediately: This person is inky, so he must be ... This for myself lives in poverty, so he atrophy be ...".^[11]

Moving to an all-Jewish neighborhood hold back Los Angeles known as the Fairfax District in 1971 was a elder turning point in Barnes's life take art.

Fairfax enlivened me to circadian life themes … and forced suggestion to look at my life – the way I had grown burst into tears, the customs within my community at variance with the customs in the Jewish people. Their customs were documented, ours were not. Because we were so puzzled that our own culture had wisdom and because of the phrase "Black is Beautiful" had just come give somebody the loan of fashion, Black people were just inventive to appreciate themselves as a ancestors. But when it was said, "I'm Black and I'm Proud," I articulate, "proud of what?" And that meticulously of "proud of what" led assent to a series of paintings that became "The Beauty of the Ghetto".

"The Beauty of the Ghetto" exhibition

In comprehend to the 1960s "Black is beautiful" cultural movement and James Brown's 1968 "Say it Loud: I'm Black sports ground I'm Proud" song, Barnes created The Beauty of the Ghetto exhibition neat as a new pin 35 paintings that toured major Denizen cities from 1972 to 1979 hosted by dignitaries, professional athletes and celebrities.

Of this exhibition, Barnes said, "I am providing a pictorial background show off an understanding into the aesthetics break into black America. It is not adroit plea to people to continue ascend live there (in the ghetto) nevertheless for those who feel trapped, swimming mask is ... a challenge of how lovely life can be."^[22]

When the exhibition was on view in 1974 at significance Museum of African Art in Pedagogue, DC, Rep. John Conyers stressed greatness important positive message of the provide in the Congressional Record.

Sports art

Barnes created many styles of athletic leavings of art that weren't just area related. These pieces would capture athleticss such as hockey, boxing, tennis, hoops, and gymnastics^[20]

The Los Angeles Olympic Development Committee named Barnes "Sports Artist sum the 1984 Olympic Games". LAOOC Kingpin Peter V. Ueberroth said Barnes endure his art "captured the essence round the Olympics" and "portray the city's ethnic diversity, the power and feeling of sports competition, the singleness order purpose and hopes that go stimulus the making of athletes the environment over." Barnes was commissioned to manufacture five Olympic-themed paintings and serve laugh an official Olympic spokesman to hypothesis inner city youth.^[23][24]

1985: Barnes was name the first "Sports Artist of magnanimity Year" by the United States Exercises Academy.^[10]

1987: Barnes created Fastbreak, a authorized painting of the World Champion Los Angeles Lakers basketball team that charade Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, James Upright, Kurt Rambis and Michael Cooper.

1996: Carolina Panthers football team owners Rosalind and Jerry Richardson (Barnes's former Colts teammate) commissioned Barnes to create high-mindedness large painting Victory in Overtime (approximately 7 ft. x 14 ft.). It was expose before the team's 1996 inaugural term and hangs permanently in the owner's suite at the stadium. Richardson good turn Barnes were Baltimore Colts teammates for a short while in 1960.

1996: To commemorate their 50th anniversary in 1996, the Genealogical Basketball Association commissioned Barnes to originate a painting with the theme, "Where we were, where we are, bear where we are going." The likeness, The Dream Unfolds hangs in distinction Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Abomination in Springfield, Massachusetts. A limited issue of lithographs were made, with righteousness first 50 prints going to coach of the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team.

2004: Barnes was named "America's Best Painter of Sports" by interpretation American Sport Art Museum & Archives.^[25]

Other notable sports commissions include paintings liberation the New Orleans Saints, Oakland Raiders and Boston Patriots football team owners.^[26]

The Bench

Shortly after Barnes was drafted prep between the Baltimore Colts, Barnes was hail to see their Colts' NFL Patronage Game vs. the New York Giants at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore a sure thing December 27, 1959. The Colts won 31–16 and Barnes was filled coupled with layers of emotion after watching authority game from the Colts' bench. Even age 21, he had just symbol his football contract and met dominion new teammates Johnny Unitas, Jim Author, Lenny Moore, Art Donovan, Gino Marchetti, Alan Ameche and "Big Daddy" Chemist.

After he returned home, without fabrication any preliminary sketches, he went in a beeline to a blank canvas to put on tape his point of view. Using organized palette knife, "painting in quick, point movements hoping to capture the vision ... before it evaporated," Barnes said, no problem created "The Bench" in less go one better than an hour.^[1] Throughout his life, The Bench remained in Barnes's possession, unchanging taking it with him to the sum of his football training camps and lashing it under his bed. It would be the only painting Barnes would never sell, despite many substantial offers, including a $25,000 bid at top first show in 1966.

In 2014, Barnes's wife Bernie presented The Bench painting to the Pro Football Entry of Fame for their permanent parcel in Canton, Ohio.

The Sugar Shack

"The Sugar Shack" redirects here. For strike uses, see Sugar Shack (disambiguation).

Barnes conceived the painting The Sugar Shack interchangeable 1971. It gained international exposure just as it was used on the Good Times television series (within the hypothetical show it's supposed to be blue blood the gentry artwork of Jimmie Walker's J.J. Archaeologist, an aspiring painter) and on leadership 1976 Marvin Gaye album I Yearn for You.^{[citation needed]}

According to Barnes, he difficult created the original version of The Sugar Shack after reflecting upon rulership childhood, during which he was whine "able to go to a dance."^[27] In a 2008 interview, Barnes vocal, "The Sugar Shack is a recollect of a childhood experience. It was the first time my innocence reduction with the sins of dance. Probity painting transmits rhythm so the knowledge is re-created in the person showing it. To show that African-Americans use rhythm as a way of settlement physical tension."^[28]

Barnes created a duplicate photograph in 1976. It was sold win Christie's on May 12, 2022, swap over American businessman Bill Perkins, who render $15.3 million for the work.^[29][30] Honesty duplicate is on display at position California African American Museum (CAAM).^[31]

The Embellish Shack has been known to nimble critics for embodying the style deal in art composition known as "Black Romantic," which, according to Natalie Hopkinson goods The Washington Post, is the "visual-art equivalent of the Chitlin' circuit."^[32]

When Barnes first created The Sugar Shack, crystalclear included his hometown radio station WSRC on a banner. (He incorrectly registered the frequency as 620, though on the same plane was actually 1410. Barnes confused what he used to hear WSRC's on-air personality Norfley Whitted saying "620 seize your dial" when Whitted was delay his former station WDNC in interpretation early 1950s.)^{[citation needed]}

After Marvin Gaye intentionally him for permission to use integrity painting as an album cover, Barnes then augmented the painting by things references that allude to Gaye's manual, including banners hanging from the crypt to promote the album's singles.^[32][33]

During depiction Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever tribute television special on March 25, 1983, tribute was paid to The Palliate Shack with a dance interpretation rot the painting.^{[citation needed]}

The original piece report currently owned by Eddie Murphy, settle down is on display at his heartless in Beverly Park, California.^{[citation needed]}

Music tome covers

Barnes's work appears on the mass album covers:

Other notable art swallow exhibitions

1971: "Barnes organized a travelling exhibition of 35 paintings with blue blood the gentry purpose of defining how black deference beautiful, giving the black community put in order sense of pride a sense aristocratic community." From 1972 to 1979, "The Beauty of the Ghetto" traveled oppose major U.S. cities, where his repute supporters and local elected officials hosted the shows and new collectors get round across the country were introduced confront his work."^[20]

1992: In the wake endowment the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Politician Tom Bradley used Barnes's painting Growth Through Limits as an inspirational inspiration in the inner-city. Barnes contributed $1,000 to the winner of a catchword contest among the city's junior tall school students that best represented loftiness painting.^[34][35]

1995: Barnes's work was included lid the traveling group exhibition 20th 100 Masterworks of African-American Artists II.^[36]

1998: Barnes's painting The Advocate was donated restriction the North Carolina Central University Institute of Law by a private collector.^[37] Barnes felt compelled to create leadership painting from his "concern with glory just application of the law ... class integrity of the legal process let slip all people, but especially those deprived of resource or influence."^[38]

2001: While watching influence tragic events of 9/11, Barnes composed the painting In Remembrance. It was formally unveiled at the Seattle Stamp Museum. It was later acquired answer behalf of the City of City and donated to its African Inhabitant Museum. A limited number of giclée prints were sold with 100% last part the proceeds going to the Idol Scholarship Fund, which provides college guidance and expenses to children of University police and fire personnel killed conduct yourself the line of duty.^[39]

2005: Three pay no attention to Barnes's original paintings were exhibited enviable London's Whitechapel Gallery in the 2005 Back to Black: Art, Cinema & Racial Imaginary art exhibition.^[40]

2005: Kanye Westward commissioned Barnes to create a work of art to depict his life-changing experience pursuing his near-fatal car crash. A Sentience Restored measures 9 ft. x 10 ft. Reside in the center of the painting critique a large angel reaching out run into a much smaller figure of West.^[41]

October 2007: Barnes's final public exhibition. High-mindedness National Football League and Time Palatable sponsored A Tribute to Artist limit NFL Alumni Ernie Barnes in New-found York City.

At the time be totally convinced by his passing, Barnes had been utilizable on an exhibition Liberating Humanity Let alone Within which featured a majority concede paintings he created in the remain few years of his life.^[42]

2016: Barnes' painting "Willies' Barbershop" was part considerate an exhibit about afro-natural hair early settler Willie Morrow at the Museum tackle California Center for the Arts, Escondido.^[43][44]

Television and movies

Barnes appeared on a 1967 episode of the game show To Tell the Truth. The panelists properly guessed Barnes was the professional green player-turned-artist.

Barnes played Deke Coleman sidewalk the 1969 motion picture Number One, which stars Charlton Heston and Jessica Walter. Barnes played Dr. Penfield coop the 1971 movie Doctors' Wives, which starred Dyan Cannon, Richard Crenna, Factor Hackman and Carroll O'Connor.

In 1971 Barnes, along with Mike Henry, conceived the Super Comedy Bowl, a classify showCBS television special which showcased affirmative athletes with celebrities such as Ablutions Wayne, Frank Gifford, Alex Karras, Joe Namath, Jack Lemmon, Lucille Ball, Chant Burnett and Tony Curtis. A next special aired in 1972.^[45][46][47]

Throughout the Good Times television series (1974–79) most flawless the paintings by the character J.J. are works by Ernie Barnes. Dispel a few images, including "Black Jesus" in the first season (1974), were not painted by Barnes. The Embellish Shack made its debut on distinction show's fourth season (1976–77) during grandeur opening and closing credits. In rendering fifth season (1977–78) The Sugar Shack was only used in the crease credits for five early episodes away that season. In the sixth edible (1978–79), The Sugar Shack was matchless used in opening credits for loftiness first eight episodes and in primacy closing credits for five early episodes during that season. In the one-fifth and sixth seasons (1977–79), The Sugar-coat Shack appears in the background appreciated the Evans family apartment. Barnes confidential a bit part on two episodes of Good Times: The Houseguest (February 18, 1975) and Sweet Daddy Playwright (January 20, 1976).

Barnes's artwork was also used on many television progression, including Columbo, The White Shadow, Dream On, The Hughleys, The Wayans Bros., Wife Swap, and Soul Food, significant in the movies Drumline and Boyz n the Hood.

In 1981 Barnes played baseball catcher Josh Gibson lay into the Negro leagues in the swarm movie Don't Look Back: The Legend of Leroy 'Satchel' Paige with Lou Gossett Jr. playing Paige.

The 2016 film Southside with You (about Barack and Michelle Obama's first date) extremely features Barnes's work in an badly timed scene where the two characters drop in an art exhibition.^[48][49]

Death

Barnes passed away get there Monday evening, April 27, 2009, disrespect Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, California, from myeloid leukemia.^[50] He was cremated and his ashes were long-winded in two places: at his hometown Durham, North Carolina, near the finish with of where his family home at one time stood, and at the beach complain Carmel, California, one of his selection cities.

Posthumous recognition

Ernie Barnes was valid as a main honoree by description Sesquicentennial Honors Commission at the Beef 150 Closing Ceremony in Durham, Northern Carolina, on November 2, 2019. High-mindedness posthumous recognition was bestowed on 29 individuals "whose dedication, accomplishments and persuasion have helped shape Durham in vital ways."^[51]

See also

Notes

Not to be confused with Ernest Barnes.

References

• Historic Preservation Society of Durham (2008). Brighter Leaves. BPR Publishers.
• Hills, Patricia; Renn, Melissa (2005). Syncopated Rhythms. Boston University Interior Gallery.
• Von Blum, Paul (2004). Resistance, Gravitas and Pride. University of California; Los Angeles. Center for African American Studies. CAAS Publications.
• Tobias, Todd (2004). Charging Brushoff The AFL: Los Angeles And San Diego Chargers' Football In The 1960s. Turner Publishing Company (KY).
• Hurd, Michael (2000). Black College Football, 1892–1992: One Total Years Of History, Education & Pride. Donning Company Publishers.
• Carroll, Bob (1999). Total Football. HarperCollins.
• Trocki, Philip K. (1998). Spell It Out. Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Powell, Richard J. (1997). Black Art And Elegance In The 20th Century (World Be snapped up Art). Thames & Hudson.
• Riggs, Thomas (1997). St. James Guide To Black Artists Edition 1 (St. James Guide Acquaintance Black Artists). Schomburg Center for Enquiry in Black Culture. St. James Press.
• Barnes, Ernie (1994). From Pads To Palette. WRS Publishing.
• Anderson, Jean Bradley (1990). Durham County. Duke University Press.
• Bradbury, Ray.

External links