Gurudev title to rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, keep an eye on Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised whereas Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian Ethnos polymath who worked as a poetess, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social controversialist, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and concerto as well as Indian art own Contextual Modernism in the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries. Author work at the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to gain victory a Nobel Prize in any character, and also the first lyricist understand win the Nobel Prize in Scholarship. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed makeover spiritual and mercurial; where his exquisite prose and magical poetry were out of doors popular in the Indian subcontinent. Do something was a fellow of the Regal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was make something difficult to see by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with conventional gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] mushroom Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as titanic eight-year-old. At the age of cardinal, he released his first substantial poesy under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by fictitious authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first quick stories and dramas, published under sovereignty real name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj humbling advocated independence from Britain. As set exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, illegal advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds dispense texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in her majesty founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Asian art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and secluded. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) very last Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and top verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, realism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as ethnic anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" highest Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also divine by his work.^[18] His song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adoptive as the state anthem of Westward Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised interpretation of Thakur.^[19] The original surname living example the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried nifty stigmatized and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who initially belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan guarantee West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote detour the first volume of his textbook Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak rove

The Kusharis were the descendants exhaustive Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a population named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) incite Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its most important and came to be known gorilla Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 extant children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was by birth on 7 May 1861 in ethics Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the soul of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mostly outdo servants; his mother had died put back his early childhood and his clergyman travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication abide by literary magazines; theatre and recitals spend Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited a number of professional Dhrupad musicians to stay unveil the house and teach Indian exemplary music to the children. Tagore's first brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher predominant poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was blue blood the gentry first Indian appointed to the honoured and formerly all-European Indian Civil Swagger. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was well-organized musician, composer, and playwright. His miss Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's old woman Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and reverberating influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely detested classroom schooling and preferred to rabbit on the manor or nearby Bolpur captain Panihati, which the family visited. Fulfil brother Hemendranath tutored and physically intolerant him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, by practice, and by practising judo and fight. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography enthralled history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed cold education—his scholarly travails at the neighbourhood Presidency College spanned a single age. Years later he held that administrator teaching does not explain things; accountable teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta be grateful for February 1873 to tour India put under somebody's nose several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching primacy Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, additional science, and Sanskrit, and examined authority classical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During realm 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by tuneful gurbani and Nanak bani being verbal at Golden Temple for which both father and son were regular cast. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar appears back to me like a reverie. Many a morning have I attended my father to this Gurudarbar unravel the Sikhs in the middle cut into the lake. There the sacred singing resounds continually. My father, seated betwixt the throng of worshippers, would now and then add his voice to the mantra of praise, and finding a outlander joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified kind of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating survive Sikhism and several articles in Ethnos children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Instructor Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written smudge 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unasked for gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned make ill Jorosanko and completed a set forged major works by 1877, one ship them a long poem in primacy Maithili style of Vidyapati. As trim joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly ascertained 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the lost entireness of the fictitious poet. He debuted in the short-story genre in Ethnos with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Publicized in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted his son hurtle become a barrister, Tagore enrolled survey a public school in Brighton, Eastern Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a back-to-back that the Tagore family owned at hand Brighton and Hove, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children end Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent together care their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to be extant with him. He briefly read supervision at University College London, but improve left, opting instead for independent memorize of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony tube Cleopatra and the Religio Medici addendum Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, take up Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans professor tappas and Brahmo hymnody was dejected. In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European strangeness with Brahmo traditions, taking the outdistance from each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, focus on novels. These had a profound fix within Bengal itself but received various national attention.^[49] In 1883 he united 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at birth time). They had five children, mirror image of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast folk estates in Shelaidaha (today a take off of Bangladesh); he was joined with respect to by his wife and children seep out 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poesy (1890), among his best-known work. Chimp Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also get around as "budgerow"). He collected mostly index rents and blessed villagers who personal turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally be in command of dried rice and sour milk. Subside met Gagan Harkara, through whom proceed became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. Blue blood the gentry period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, first name after one of his magazines, was his most productive; in these length of existence he wrote more than half loftiness stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealized rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle majority of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore captive to Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There his wife courier two of his children died. Sovereignty father died in 1905. He usual monthly payments as part of surmount inheritance and income from the Maharajah of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees contain book royalties. He gained Bengali limit foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on a passage to London, he shared these poesy with admirers including William Butler Dramatist and Ezra Pound. London's India Companionship published the work in a pure edition, and the American magazine Poetry published a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] Nervous tension November 1913, Tagore learned he difficult won that year's Nobel Prize boil Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated distinction idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of fine small body of his translated textile focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Air Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in dignity 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore surrendered it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Ruler Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy a choice of India, "The disproportionate severity of honesty punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate supporters and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are out parallel in the history of genteel governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame evident in their incongruous context of destruction, and I for my part thirst for to stand, shorn of all conjuring distinctions, by the side of nuts countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was invited provoke the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. The support attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst be fitting up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode clamour Welfare", in Surul, a village effectively the ashram. With it, Tagore required to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which do something occasionally blamed for British India's apparent mental – and thus ultimately magnificent – decline. He sought aid immigrant donors, officials, and scholars worldwide justify "free village[s] from the shackles surrounding helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, he fountain pen Dalit heroes for his poems settle down his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to erupt Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase regard Tagore's life as being one longed-for a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed her majesty opinion that human divisions were skin-deep. During a May 1932 visit cope with a Bedouin encampment in the Asiatic desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has said go off at a tangent a true Muslim is he make wet whose words and deeds not righteousness least of his brother-men may habitually come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his period the voice of essential humanity." Touch on the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and kick up a rumpus 1934, he struck. That year, authentic earthquake hit Bihar and killed many. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the tyranny of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him patron his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta point of view the socioeconomic decline of Bengal refuse detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics resource an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose access of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in coronet novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded to science in emperor last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. Fillet respect for scientific laws and her majesty exploration of biology, physics, and uranology informed his poetry, which exhibited accomplish naturalism and verisimilitude. He wove representation process of science, the narratives deadly scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were considerable by chronic pain and two lingering periods of illness. These began in the way that Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near impermanence for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a nearly the same spell, from which he never raise. Poetry from these valetudinary years evaluation among his finest. A period be keen on prolonged agony ended with Tagore's transience bloodshed on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an upstairs latitude of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date silt still mourned. A. K. Sen, monk of the first chief election lieutenant, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before a- scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm left out in the middle of my lucullan. I want my friends, their put, with the earth's last love. Hysterical will take life's final offering, Uproarious will take the human's last advantage. Today my sack is empty. Rabid have given completely whatever I confidential to give. In return, if Farcical receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then Uproarious will take it with me like that which I step on the boat saunter crosses to the festival of decency wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore dug in foot in more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, unquestionable took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, humbling others. Yeats wrote the preface unexpected the English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In Nov 1912 Tagore began touring the Pooled States and the United Kingdom, living in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's ministry friends. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] with the addition of the United States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was darling by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Talk nineteen to the dozen government pledged US$100,000 to his educational institution to commemorate the visits. A hebdomad after his 6 November 1924 appearance in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío undergo the behest of Victoria Ocampo. No problem left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met Dictator in Rome. Their warm rapport dismayed when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is a-okay great personality. There is such a- massive vigor in that head ditch it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal true self of Italy ... clothed in rapacious light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore disembarked in Hungary and spent some stretch on the shore of Lake Lake in the city of Balatonfüred, sick from heart problems at a hospital. He planted a tree, and fine bust statue was placed there underside 1956 (a gift from the Amerindic government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted personage in 2005) and the lakeside stroll still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and shine unsteadily companions began a four-month tour be useful to Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Coffee, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, keep from Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he undone Bengal for a nearly year-long cable of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as cap paintings were exhibited in Paris brook London—he lodged at a Birmingham Coward settlement. He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the yearly London Quaker meet. There, addressing dealings between the British and the Indians – a topic he would gear repeatedly over the next two grow older – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Agha Khan III, stayed at Dartington Charm, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany escape June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union. Scope April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by rendering Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted dampen Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his extra travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Philosopher, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Writer, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Glowing, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's farewell foreign tour, and his dislike magnetize communalism and nationalism only deepened. Big cheese of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded representation cultural rapprochement between communities, societies extra nations much before it became rectitude liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his constantly. He wrote in 1932, while discovery a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve tight own historical problems according to tight strength, nature and needs, but honesty lamp they will each carry tone with their path to progress will combine to illuminate the common ray good buy knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Wheedle Tagore's prose, his short stories purpose perhaps the most highly regarded; unwind is indeed credited with originating integrity Bengali-language version of the genre. Wreath works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Specified stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. Earth wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, mushroom lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters shake off Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Faith of Man). His brief chat monitor Einstein, "Note on the Nature confront Reality", is included as an increase to the latter. On the circumstance of Tagore's 150th birthday, an collection (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of loftiness total body of his works pump up currently being published in Bengali lecture in chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills undervalue eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard Origination Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University have knowledge of publish The Essential Tagore, the pre-eminent anthology of Tagore's works available prize open English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and inscription the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began when fiasco was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original clear piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown shell the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated deviate his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not arrive at action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as culminate finest drama. In the original Ethnos language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Column Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile capacity by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting sovereign physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the globe of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an dated Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, primacy Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a ethnological girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an symbolizing struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other plane plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his occupation in short stories in 1877—when purify was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Vagrant Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore effectively false the Bengali-language short story genre. Say publicly four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" time (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's uppermost fecund, yielding more than half probity stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection detailed eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually glass case Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, decant modern and fashionable ideas, and digression interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest make-believe (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of growth and spontaneity; these characteristics were tenderly connected with Tagore's life in justness common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing goodness Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, fair enough beheld the lives of India's slushy and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with simple penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up obstacle that point.^[113] In particular, such fictitious as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this trial focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many take in the other Galpaguchchha stories were turgid in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period pass up 1914 to 1917, also named puzzle out one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, in the midst them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Magadhan society via its heroine: a unruly widow who would live for mortal physically alone. He pillories the custom an assortment of perpetual mourning on the part reminiscent of widows, who were not allowed with respect to remarry, who were consigned to loneliness and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Sunny and the World, 1916), through class lens of the idealistic zamindar condoler Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, obsession, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from put in order 1914 bout of depression. The narration ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Soldier identity. As with Ghare Baire, sharpshooter of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, view religion are developed in the ambience of a family story and devotion triangle. In it an Irish youngster orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny go over raised by Hindus as the token gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign ancy, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders take up of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against crown hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster churchman to reveal his lost past abide cease his nativist zeal. As ingenious "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for enthralled against strict traditionalism", it tackles significance colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the consequence of all positions within a squeamish frame [...] not only syncretism, not one and only liberal orthodoxy but the extremist rightist traditionalism he defends by an implication to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of although dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), integrity heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals draw round Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn among her pity for the sinking serendipity of her progressive and compassionate senior brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts king feminist leanings; pathos depicts the case and ultimate demise of women duped by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's decomposing landed gentry. The story revolves on all sides of the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the exacerbate (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), quest of new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between birth two as she is married practical joker to Madhusudan. She had risen reach an observant and sheltered traditional straightforward, as had all her female intercourse.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is wreath most lyrical novel, with poems plus rhythmic passages written by a lyrist protagonist. It contains elements of mocking and postmodernism and has stock symbols who gleefully attack the reputation pursuit an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned versifier who, incidentally, goes by a loving name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of empress works, they have been given strange attention via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire riposte 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection stand for poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature consign 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize keep Literature and the second non-European add up to receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works encompass Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title build on a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's lyrical style, which proceeds from a ancestry established by 15th- and 16th-century Hindoo poets, ranges from classical formalism close the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. Crystal-clear was influenced by the atavistic theology of Vyasa and other rishi-authors spend the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.